Vitamin D Research

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Pregnancy and Lactation

One of the great mysteries in human biology is the fact that most human breast milk is deficient in vitamin D. How could Nature overlook such an important nutrient in the "perfect food?" One possibility is that most human breast milk is deficient in vitamin D because most mothers are deficient in vitamin D.

Two very important papers detailing this were published by Dr. Bruce Hollis and his group from the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, at the Medical University of South Carolina. Both papers support the concept of widespread deficiencies in pregnant women, especially black women, and both papers call for drastic upward revisions of maternal vitamin D supplementation.

One of the papers discovered that pregnant women need at least 4,000 IU a day of vitamin D to maintain both their own vitamin D levels and that of their infants. Ideally, they should receive at least 5,000 IU per day.

• Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters learning in C57Bl/6J mice. Behav Brain Res. 2010 Apr 2;208(2):603–8.
• Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy increases gene expression of ILT3 and ILT4 in cord blood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Dec 16.
• Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Leads to Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rat Offspring. Reprod Sci. 2009 Oct 13.
• A convergent model for placental dysfunction encompassing combined sub-optimal one-carbon donor and vitamin D bioavailability. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Oct 8.
• Perinatal outcomes, including mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and child mortality and their association with maternal vitamin D status in Tanzania. J Infect Dis. 2009 Oct 1;200(7):1022–30.
• Transgenerational hormonal imprinting caused by vitamin A and vitamin D treatment of newborn rats. Alterations in the biogenic amine contents of the adult brain. Brain Dev. 2009 Oct;31(9):666–70.
• Prenatal nutrition: special considerations. Minerva Ginecol. 2009 Oct;61(5):373–400.
• Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters dopamine turnover in neonatal rat forebrain. Neurosci Lett. 2009 Sep 18;461(2):155–8.
• Consequences of exclusive breast-feeding in vegan mother newborn — Case report. Arch Pediatr. 2009 Sep 10.
• Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Epidemiology. 2009 Sep;20(5):720–6.
• Vitamin D replacement in pregnant women in rural north India: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;63(9):1157–9.
• Heritability and environmental factors affecting vitamin D status in rural Chinese adolescent twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3273–81.
• Major influences on nutrient intake in pregnant New Zealand women. Matern Child Health J. 2009 Sep;13(5):695–706.
• Peripartum cardiomyopathy in an obese pregnant woman. Ugeskr Laeger. 2009 Aug 24;171(35):2487–9.
• Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Aug 17.
• Vitamin D in pregnancy-time for action: a paediatric audit. BJOG. 2009 Aug 14.
• Assessment of nutritional quality in healthy pregnant women of the Canary Islands, Spain. Med Clin (Barc). 2009 Aug 11.
• Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and bone mineral accretion of Gambian infants. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Aug;98(8):1360–2.
• Vitamin D Insufficiency Is Prevalent among Pregnant African American Adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2009 Jul 28.
• Metabolic Bone Disease in preterm newborn: an update on nutritional issues. Riv Ital Pediatr. 2009 Jul 14;35(1):20.
• Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2009 Jul 7.
• Low Maternal Vitamin D Status and Fetal Bone Development: Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jul 6.
• Calcitriol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory cytokines in human trophoblasts. J Reprod Immunol. 2009 Jul;81(1):17–24.
• Predicting ambient ultraviolet from routine meteorological data; its potential use as an instrumental variable for vitamin D status in pregnancy in a longitudinal birth cohort in the UK. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Jun 29.
• Vitamin D receptor genotype BB is associated with higher serum osteocalcin in first pregnancy. J Perinat Med. 2009 Jun 3.
• Developmental vitamin D deficiency causes abnormal brain development. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jun 3.
• The roles of vitamin D, temperature, and viral infections in seasonal risk of acquiring asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jun 1;179(11):1072; author reply 1072–3.
• Hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency: an uncommon cause of neonatal respiratory distress. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2009 Jun;29(2):149–54.
• Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Jun;39(6):875–82.
• Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and offspring birth size: effect modification by infant VDR genotype. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;63(6):802–4.
• Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Nutr. 2009 Jun;139(6):1157–61.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Jun;18(6):835–9.
• The Effects of Calcium-Vitamin D and Metformin on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jun;48(2):142–147.
• Placenta-specific methylation of the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene: implications for feedback autoregulation of active vitamin D levels at the fetomaternal interface. J Biol Chem. 2009 May 29;284(22):14838–48.
• Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 May;70(5):685–90.
• Vitamin D insufficiency is common in Indian mothers but is not associated with gestational diabetes or variation in newborn size. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;63(5):646–52.
• Unusually severe phenotype of neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism due to a heterozygous inactivating mutation in the CASR gene. Eur J Pediatr. 2009 May;168(5):569–73.
• Vitamin D deficiency in rural girls and pregnant women despite abundant sunshine in northern India. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 May;70(5):680–4.
• Unusually severe phenotype of neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism due to a heterozygous inactivating mutation in the CASR gene. Eur J Pediatr. 2009 May;168(5):569–73.
• Vitamin D metabolism impairment in the rat's offspring following maternal exposure to 137cesium. Arch Toxicol. 2009 Apr;83(4):357–62.
• Vitamin D status among immigrant mothers from Pakistan, Turkey and Somalia and their infants attending child health clinics in Norway. Br J Nutr. 2009 Apr;101(7):1052–8.
• Effect of free vitamin D(2) drops on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants with immigrant origin: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;63(4):478–84.
• Asthma in preschool children: the next challenge. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Apr;9(2):141–5.
• Vitamin D intake during pregnancy: association with maternal characteristics and infant birth weight. Early Hum Dev. 2009 Apr;85(4):231–4.
• Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;63(4):473–7.
• Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and childhood bone mass: a longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Apr;24(4):663–8.
• Postpartum depression co-occurring with lactation-related osteoporosis. Psychosomatics. 2009 Mar–Apr;50(2):155–8.
• Breast Feeding Does Not Protect Against Urinary Tract Infection in the First 3 Months of Life, but Vitamin D Supplementation Increases the Risk by 76%. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009 Mar 4.
• Vitamin D nutritional status of exclusively breast fed infants and their mothers. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Mar;22(3):241–6.
• Barriers to vitamin D supplementation among military physicians. Mil Med. 2009 Mar;174(3):302–7.
• Epidemiology of nutritional rickets in children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009 Mar;20(2):260–5.
• Effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone specific alkaline during pregnancy lactation and infant. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2009 Mar;38(2):193–5.
• Vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Mar;70(3):372–7.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in young children in a highly sunny humid country: a global health problem. Minerva Pediatr. 2009 Feb;61(1):15–22.
• Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 3-2009. A 9-month-old boy with seizures. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 22;360(4):398–407.
• Infant feeding in the first year. 2: feeding practices from 6–12 months of life. J Fam Health Care. 2009;19(2):47–50.
• Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Primary Cesarean Section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec 23.
• Vitamin D: current status and perspectives. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008 Dec 22.
• Influence of Neonatal Vitamin A or Vitamin D Treatment on the Concentration of Biogenic Amines and their Metabolites in the Adult Rat Brain. Horm Metab Res. 2008 Dec 3.
• Tackling critical issues for breastfeeding: vitamin D and environmental toxins. Breastfeed Med. 2008 Dec;3(4):205.
• Vitamin D supplementation during lactation to support infant and mother. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Dec;27(6):690–701. Review.
• Does vitamin D make the world go 'round'? Mol Aspects Med. 2008 Dec;29(6):369–75. Review.
• Gestational vitamin D deficiency: long-term effects on the brain. Nutr Rev. 2008 Dec;66(12):726–9.
• Vitamin D intake during pregnancy: Association with maternal characteristics and infant birth weight. Early Hum Dev. 2008 Nov 11.
• Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and lactation. Ginekol Pol. 2008 Nov;79(11):780–4. Review.
• Prenatal nutritional deficiency and risk of adult schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008 Nov;34(6):1054–63.
• Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1142–52.
• Vitamin D deficiency in healthy children in a sunny country: associated factors. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Oct 22:1–11.
• US paediatricians update guidance on children's vitamin D intake to double previous levels. BMJ. 2008 Oct 20;337:a2133.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children. Acta Diabetol. 2008 Oct 10.
• 22 Marabou Symposium: the changing faces of vitamin D. Nutr Rev. 2008 Oct;66(10 Suppl 2):S213–7.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to nutritional rickets. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2008 Sep;28(3):227–30.
• Dietary assessment of Indigenous Canadian Arctic women with a focus on pregnancy and lactation. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2008 Sep;67(4):349–62.
• Prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status during pregnancy. Ir Med J. 2008 Sep;101(8):240, 242–3.
• What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 12 months. Public Health Nutr. 2008 Aug 15:1–6.
• Calcium channel TRPV6 is involved in murine maternal-fetal calcium transport. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Aug;23(8):1249–56.
• Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):520S–528S. Review.
• Vitamin D across the lifecycle: physiology and biomarkers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):500S–506S. Review.
• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: functional outcomes in infants and young children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):529S–533S. Review.
• Gestational diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency: genetic contribution of CYP27B1 and CYP2R1 polymorphisms. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Aug;10(8):683–5.
• Hypovitaminosis D among healthy children in the United States: a review of the current evidence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Jun;162(6):513–9. Review.
• Studies on the mechanisms of the skeletal anabolic action of endogenous and exogenous parathyroid hormone. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 May 15;473(2):218–24. Review.
• Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction? FASEB J. 2008 Apr;22(4):982–1001. Review.
• Prevalence & potential significance of vitamin D deficiency in Asian Indians. Indian J Med Res. 2008 Mar;127(3):229–38. Review.
• Correlation between vitamin D(3) deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan–Feb;24(1):27–32.
• Vitamin D: a growing perspective. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2008;45(4):339–414.
• Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD006164. Review.
• Maternal vitamin D deficiency associated with neonatal hypocalcaemic convulsions. Nutr J. 2007 Sep 19;6(1):23.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in newborn infants of high-risk mothers. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Sep;92(9):750–3.
• Maternal vitamin d deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3517–22.
• Neonatal vitamin D status at birth at latitude 32 degrees 72': evidence of deficiency. J Perinatol. 2007 Sep;27(9):568–71.
• Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007 Aug;(158):1–235. Review.
• Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 17;177(2):161–6.
• Seasonality of month of birth of patients with Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases differ from that in the general population. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Jun;156(6):631–6.
• Low vitamin d in pregnancy. Nurse Pract. 2007 Jun;32(6):19.
• Efficacy of daily and monthly high-dose calciferol in vitamin D-deficient nulliparous and lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1565–71.
• Vitamin D status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2007 Feb 12;7:1.
• High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the Northern United States and Their Neonates. J Nutr. 2007 Feb;137(2):447–452.
• Vitamin d deficiency in pregnancy: bringing the issues to light. J Nutr. 2007 Feb;137(2):305–6.
• Vitamin D deficiency in a healthy group of mothers and newborn infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jan;46(1):42–4.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in newborn infants of high-risk mothers. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2007;92:750–753.
• Relationship between pregnancy outcomes and maternal vitamin D and calcium intake: A cross-sectional study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct;22(10):585–9.
• Postpartum vitamin D insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in healthy Danish women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;60(10):1214–21.
• Vitamin d status as related to race and feeding type in preterm infants. Breastfeed Med. 2006 Autumn;1(3):156–63.
• Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Cytokine Production by Human Decidual Cells. Biol Reprod. 2006 Dec;75(6):816–22.
• Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. Med J Aust. 2006 Sep 4;185(5):268–272. Review.
• Effects of dietary calcium intervention on adolescent mothers and newborns: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;108(3):565–71.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):350–3; quiz 468–9.
• Vitamin D deficiency in breastfed infants in Iowa. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):603–10.
• Low vitamin D status in mother-newborn pairs in Greece. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006 Jun;78(6):337–42.
• Association of low intake of milk and vitamin D during pregnancy with decreased birth weight. CMAJ. 2006 Apr 25;174(9):1273–7.
• Changes in calcium, 25OH vitamin D3 and other biochemical factors during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Apr;29(4):303–7.
• The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D levels and milk calcium concentration in lactating women and their infants. Breastfeed Med. 2006 Spring;1(1):27–35.
• Hypocalcemia due to vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Indian Pediatr. 2006 Mar;43(3):247–51.
• Severe vitamin-D deficiency in more than half of the immigrant pregnant women of non-western origin and their newborns. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006 Mar 4;150(9):495–9. In Dutch.
• Breastfeeding and vitamin D status in Greece during the first 6 months of life. Eur J Pediatr. 2005 Dec;164(12):724–9.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1060–4.
• Seizures in foreign newborns due to maternal vitamin-D deficiency. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Jan 29;149(5):257–60. In Dutch.
• Issues in establishing vitamin D recommendations for infants and children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1759S–62S. Review.
• Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1752S–8S.
• Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1697S–705S. Review.
• Postnatal evaluation of vitamin D and bone health in women who were vitamin D-deficient in pregnancy, and in their infants. Med J Aust. 2004 Nov 1;181(9):486–8.
• Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):717–26. Review.
• Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: a Finnish birth cohort study. Schizophr Res. 2004 Apr 1;67(2–3):237–45.
• Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;58(4):563–7.
• Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):362–71. Review.
• Hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in summer: a justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants. J Pediatr. 2003 Feb;142(2):169–73.
• Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):e39–44.
• Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in breast-fed newborns and their mothers. Nutrition. 2002 Jan;18(1):47–50.
• Vitamin D deficiency in mothers of infants with rickets. Med J Aust. 2001 Sep 3;175(5):253–5.
• Vitamin D deficiency in veiled or dark-skinned pregnant women. Med J Aust. 2001 Sep 3;175(5):251–2.
• Vitamin d deficiency in breast-fed toddlers. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001 Jul–Aug;21(4):508–11.
• Targeted ablation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha -hydroxylase enzyme: evidence for skeletal, reproductive, and immune dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 19;98(13):7498–503.
• Micronutrient accumulation and depletion in schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism and Parkinson's disease? Med Hypotheses. 2001 May;56(5):641–5.
• 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase: structure of the mouse gene, chromosomal assignment, and developmental expression. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Jan;16(1):46–56.
• Fat-soluble vitamins in the maternal diet, influence of cod liver oil supplementation and impact of the maternal diet on human milk composition. Ann Nutr Metab. 2001;45(6):265–72.
• Selective neuroprotective effects with insulin-like growth factor-1 in phenotypic striatal neurons following ischemic brain injury in fetal sheep. Neuroscience. 2000;95(3):831–9.
• Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudi females: relation to vitamin D status, pregnancy, and lactation. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999 Jul;65(1):23–8.
• Biosocial factors affecting vitamin D status of women of childbearing age in the United Arab Emirates. J Biosoc Sci. 1998 Oct;30(4):431–7.
• Molecular cloning of (25-OH D)-1 alpha-hydroxylase: an approach to the understanding of vitamin D pseudo-deficiency. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1998;53:341–9; discussion 350.
• Subclinical vitamin D deficiency in neonates: definition and response to vitamin D supplements. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Mar;65(3):771–8.
• Fortified milk and supplements of oral vitamin D. Comparison of the effect of two doses of vitamin D (500 and 1,000 UI/d) during the first trimester of life. Arch Pediatr. 1997 Feb;4(2):126–32. In French.
• Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant and breast-feeding women and their infants. J Perinatol. 1997 Jan–Feb;17(1):10–4.
• Vitamin D deficiency and fetal growth. Early Hum Dev. 1996 Jul 5;45(1–2):27–33.
• Vitamin D deficiency in infants and young children born to migrant parents. J Paediatr Child Health. 1995 Jun;31(3):180–4.
• Repeated asphyxia causes loss of striatal projection neurons in the fetal sheep brain. Neuroscience. 1995 Apr;65(3):827–36.
• High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Ethiopian women immigrants to Israel: exacerbation during pregnancy and lactation. Isr J Med Sci. 1995 Apr;31(4):221–4.
• Vitamin D deficiency in a Manitoba community. Can J Public Health. 1993 Nov–Dec;84(6):394–6.
• Alterations in vitamin D and calcium metabolism with magnesium sulfate treatment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Apr;168(4):1170–6; discussion 1176–7.
• The relationship between endogenous oestradiol and vitamin D3 metabolites in serum and follicular fluid during ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod. 1992 Nov;7(10):1357–60.
• Vitamin D prophylaxis in childhood. Minerva Pediatr. 1992 Nov;44(11):533–49. Review.
• Effects of sunlight exposure on vitamin D status in pregnant women in France. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1991;20(5):685–90.
• Mineral and vitamin D adequacy in infants fed human milk or formula between 6 and 12 months of age. J Pediatr. 1990 Aug;117(2 Pt 2):S134–42. Review.
• Effects of ergocalciferol supplementation on the concentration of vitamin D and its metabolites in human milk. J Nutr. 1989 Nov;119(11):1639–46.
• Bone mineral content, serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations, and ultraviolet B light exposure in infants fed human milk with and without vitamin D2 supplements. J Pediatr. 1989 Feb;114(2):204–12.
• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D in human milk: effects of supplementation and season. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Oct;48(4):1057–60.
• Alterations in vitamin D metabolites and minerals in diabetic pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1988;25(2):99–105.
• Calcium, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone relationships in pregnant Caucasian and Asian women and their neonates. Ann Clin Biochem. 1987 Jan;24 ( Pt 1):22–8.
• Vitamin D3 metabolites in amniotic fluid in relation with maternal and fetal sera in term pregnancies. J Perinat Med. 1987;15(3):282–90.
• Maternal compared with infant vitamin D supplementation. Arch Dis Child. 1986 Dec;61(12):1159–63.
• Vitamin D and mineral metabolism in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1986 Oct;23(1–2):45–51.
• Parathyroid hormone and neonatal calcium homeostasis: evidence for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the Asian neonate. Metabolism. 1986 Sep;35(9):803–6.
• Calcidiol in human milk. The effect of prohormone on vitamin D status of breast fed unsupplemented infants. Endocrinol Exp. 1986 Aug;20(2–3):325–8.
• Relationship between the vitamin D content of maternal milk and the vitamin D status of nursing women and breast-fed infants. J Endocrinol. 1986 Jul;110(1):43–50.
• Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase in Finnish women throughout pregnancy and in cord serum at delivery. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1986 Jul;40(4):287–93.
• Relationships among vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin D-binding protein concentrations in the plasma and milk of human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Jan;62(1):41–4.
• Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in vitamin D supplemented pregnant women. A longitudinal study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986;65(1):63–7.
• Effect of race and diet on human-milk vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am J Dis Child. 1985 Nov;139(11):1134–7.
• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels during breast-feeding with or without maternal or infantile supplementation of vitamin D. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985 Apr;4(2):220–6.
• The effects of long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy on vitamin D metabolites and mineral homeostasis in pregnant epileptic women and their newborns. Ann Chir Gynaecol Suppl. 1985;197:37–41.
• Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 maternal loads on maternal and fetal vitamin D metabolite levels in the rat. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1985;25(3):583–90.
• Feto-maternal relationships between vitamin D metabolites in Israeli Bedouins and Jews. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Dec;40(6):1290–4.
• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D of D2 and D3 origin in maternal and umbilical cord serum after vitamin D2 supplementation in human pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Nov;40(5):1057–63.
• Anticonvulsant drug therapy in human pregnancy: effects on serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in maternal and cord blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Oct 1;150(3):254–8.
• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and total calcium: extraordinarily low plasma concentrations in Saudi mothers and their neonates. Pediatr Res. 1984 Aug;18(8):739–41.
• Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in maternal and umbilical cord blood of Libyan and Norwegian women. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1984 Jan;38(1):55–62.
• Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in exclusively breast-fed infants at 70 degrees north. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1984 Jan;73(1):29–32.
• Regulation of vitamin D metabolism in normal human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983 Feb;56(2):363–70.
• Seasonal variation in serum-25-OH-D3 in mothers and newborn infants in northern finland. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 Jan;72(1):93–6.
• Serum calcium and 25-OH-D3 in mothers of newborns with craniotabes. J Perinat Med. 1983;11(2):127–31.
• Control of vitamin D metabolism in preterm infants: feto-maternal relationships. Arch Dis Child. 1982 Oct;57(10):754–7.
• Maternal-infant vitamin D relationships during breast-feeding. J Pediatr. 1982 Oct;101(4):500–3.
• Serum calcium regulating hormones in the perinatal period. Calcif Tissue Int. 1982 Mar;34(2):131–5.
• An improved method for routine determination of vitamin D and its hydroxylated metabolites in serum from children and adults. Clin Chim Acta. 1981 Aug 10;114(2–3):233–47.
• Vitamin D and pregnancy: the maternal-fetal metabolism of vitamin D. Endocr Rev. 1981 Summer;2(3):264–74. Review.
• Hypoparathyroidism during pregnancy: treatment with calcitriol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 Apr;52(4):810–3.
• Observations on the vitamin D state of pregnant Asian women in London. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981 Jan;88(1):18–26.
• Normal intrauterine development of the fetus of a woman receiving extraordinarily high doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980 Nov;51(5):1138–42.
• Vitamin D homeostasis in the perinatal period: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in maternal, cord, and neonatal blood. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 7;302(6):315–9.
• Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants. Br Med J. 1980 Jul 5;281(6232):11–4.
• Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnant Asian women and their babies. Lancet. 1979 Sep 15;2(8142):546–8.
• Changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979 Sep 15;135(2):227–9.
• Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. IV. Maternal and cord serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978 Nov;47(5):1073–7.
• Concentrations of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in paired maternal-cord sera. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978 Mar 15;130(6):704–7.
• Altered vitamin-D metabolism in pregnancy. Lancet. 1977 Jan 29;1(8005):222–5.
• Vitamin-D in human milk. Lancet. 1977 Jan 22;1(8004):167–8.
• Pathogenesis of hereditary vitamin-D-dependent rickets. An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism involving defective conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N Engl J Med. 1973 Oct 18;289(16):817–22.
• Vitamin D metabolism and its relationship to familial hypophosphatemia. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1970 Sep;6(3):26–7.

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