Vitamin D Council Glossary

# A B C D E F G H I J–K L M N O P R S T U V
Gc-globulin
Vitamin D binding protein that is synthesized in the liver and acts as an actin scavenger. Low levels of Gc-globulin can act as a prognostic marker in situations of organ damage.
Gene
The basic unit of heredity in a living organism that holds the information to build and maintain cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.
General Practitioner (GP)
also, Family Physician or Family Practitioner. A physician/medical doctor who provides primary care.
Genistein isoflavone
One of several known isoflavones whose primary food source is soybeans and soy products and which has antioxidant properties. Genistein has also been shown to interact with estrogen receptors and is therefore capable of causing similar effects in the body as those caused by the hormone estrogen. Isoflavones also have been found to have antiangiogenic effects and may block the uncontrolled cell growth associated with cancer.
Genitourinary system
Organ system containing the reproductive organs and the urinary system.
Genome
Hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in its DNA.
Genomic
see genome.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of an organism or cell. Also, the genetic identity of an individual that does not show as outward characteristics.
Glial cell
Specialised cells that surround neurons, providing mechanical and physical support and electrical insulation.
Glioma
A type of cancer that starts in the brain or spine and arises from glial cells.
Glucocorticoid
Steroid hormone that binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every animal cell. Research indicates a "cross-talk" of vitamin D and glucocorticoids in hippocampal cells, a feature that may have important implications in disorders with dysregulated glucocorticoid signalling, including major depression.
Glutathione
The body's master antioxidant (synthesized mainly in the liver but also in the brain) that protects cells from toxins such as free radicals. Glutathione also acts as a chelating (binding) agent to remove heavy metals from the brain and body.
Glycosylated (or glycated) hemoglobin
Hemoglobin to which glucose is bound. Implicated in nephropathy and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.
Granulomata
A small localized tumour of growing connective tissue which is caused by infection or invasion by a foreign body.
Granulomatous disease
A diverse group of hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds, such as the superoxide radical, which are used to kill ingested pathogens, leading to the formation of granulomata in many organs.
Growth hormone
Hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.