Vitamin D Council Glossary

Gc-globulin

Vitamin D binding protein that is synthesized in the liver and acts as an actin scavenger. Low levels of Gc-globulin can act as a prognostic marker in situations of organ damage.

Gene

The basic unit of heredity in a living organism that holds the information to build and maintain cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.

General Practitioner (GP,Family Physician,Family Practitioner)

A physician/medical doctor who provides primary care.

Genistein isoflavone

One of several known isoflavones that primarily is found in soy and which has antioxidant properties. Isoflavones also have antiangiogenic effects and may block the uncontrolled cell growth associated with cancer.

Genitourinary system

Organ system containing the reproductive organs and the urinary system.

Genome (Genomic)

Hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in its DNA.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an organism or cell. Also, the genetic identity of an individual that does not show as outward characteristics.

Glial cell (Glial cells)

Specialised cells that surround neurons, providing mechanical and physical support and electrical insulation.

Glioma

A type of cancer that starts in the brain or spine and arises from glial cells.

Glucocorticoid

Steroid hormone that binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every animal cell. Research indicates a "cross-talk" of vitamin D and glucocorticoids in hippocampal cells, a feature that may have important implications in disorders with dysregulated glucocorticoid signaling, including major depression.

Glutathione

The body's master antioxidant, synthesized mainly in the liver but also in the brain, that protects cells from toxins such as free radicals. Glutathione also acts as a chelating (binding) agent to remove heavy metals from the brain and body.

Glycosylated hemoglobin (Glycated hemoglobin)

Hemoglobin to which glucose is bound. Implicated in nephropathy and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.

Granulomata

A small localized tumour of growing connective tissue which is caused by infection or invasion by a foreign body.

Granulomatous disease

A diverse group of hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (such as the superoxide radical) which are used to kill ingested pathogens, leading to the formation of granulomata in many organs.

Growth hormone

Hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals.