An Introduction to cancerReferences

Acknowledgements

This evidence summary on cancer was written by:

William B. Grant, Ph.D.
Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center (SUNARC)
P.O. Box 641603
San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA      
www.sunarc.org      
[email protected]

The summary was reviewed by:

Cedric F. Garland
Edward Giovannucci
Robert P. Heaney

For further about the methodology used to produce the evidence-based summaries on this website, please visit the About this site section.

Complete bibliography of research used in this summary

We found a significant body of evidence when researching the role of vitamin D in cancer. The research we have cited in our summary is listed below, with links to PubMed abstracts and full-text for those who wish to explore further. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868736

Page last edited: 04 May 2011

References

  1. Abnet, C. C. Chen, Y. Chow, W. H. Gao, Y. T. Helzlsouer, K. J. Le Marchand, L. McCullough, M. L. Shikany, J. M. Virtamo, J. Weinstein, S. J. Xiang, Y. B. Yu, K. Zheng, W. Albanes, D. Arslan, A. A. Campbell, D. S. Campbell, P. T. Hayes, R. B. Horst, R. L. Kolonel, L. N. Nomura, A. M. Purdue, M. P. Snyder, K. Shu, X. O. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Jul 1; 172 (1): 94-106.
  2. Bao, Y. Ng, K. Wolpin, B. M. Michaud, D. S. Giovannucci, E. Fuchs, C. S. Predicted vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in two prospective cohort studies. Br J Cancer. 2010 Apr 27; 102 (9): 1422-7.
  3. Boscoe, F. P. Schymura, M. J. Solar ultraviolet-B exposure and cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1993-2002. BMC Cancer. 2006; 6264.
  4. Bosetti, C. Scotti, L. Maso, L. D. Talamini, R. Montella, M. Negri, E. Ramazzotti, V. Franceschi, S. La Vecchia, C. Micronutrients and the risk of renal cell cancer: a case-control study from Italy. Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15; 120 (4): 892-6.
  5. Boucher, B. J. "Inverse correlation between serum free IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels and blood pressure in patients affected with type 1 diabetes" by Capoluongo et al. Cytokine. 2007 Mar; 37 (3): 181-2; author reply 183-4.
  6. Brittingham, A. de la Cruz, G. P. Ancestry 2000. Census 2000 Brief CK2BR-35. 2004;
  7. Carmeliet P. VEGF as a key mediator of angiogenesis in cancer. Oncology. 2005; 69 (Supp 3): 4-10.
  8. Chen, P. Hu, P. Xie, D. Qin, Y. Wang, F. Wang, H. Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jun; 121 (2): 469-77.
  9. Chen, W. Dawsey, S. M. Qiao, Y. L. Mark, S. D. Dong, Z. W. Taylor, P. R. Zhao, P. Abnet, C. C. Prospective study of serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration and risk of oesophageal and gastric cancers. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jul 2; 97 (1): 123-8.
  10. De Hertog, S. A. Wensveen, C. A. Bastiaens, M. T. Kielich, C. J. Berkhout, M. J. Westendorp, R. G. Vermeer, B. J. Bouwes Bavinck, J. N. Relation between smoking and skin cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 1; 19 (1): 231-8.
  11. Devesa, S. S. Grauman, D. J. Blot, W. J. Pennello, G. A. Hoover, R. N. Fraumeni, J. F. Jr. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950-1994. NIH Publication No. 99-4564. 1999 November 8, 2008;
  12. Douglas, J. B. Silverman, D. T. Pollak, M. N. Tao, Y. Soliman, A. S. Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z. Serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio and risk of pancreatic cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Sep; 19 (9): 2298-306.
  13. Drake, M. T. Maurer, M. J. Link, B. K. Habermann, T. M. Ansell, S. M. Micallef, I. N. Kelly, J. L. Macon, W. R. Nowakowski, G. S. Inwards, D. J. Johnston, P. B. Singh, R. J. Allmer, C. Slager, S. L. Weiner, G. J. Witzig, T. E. Cerhan, J. R. Vitamin D insufficiency and prognosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20; 28 (27): 4191-8.
  14. Freedman, D. M. Dosemeci, M. McGlynn, K. Sunlight and mortality from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer: a composite death certificate based case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 2002 Apr; 59 (4): 257-62.
  15. Friedrich, N. Haring, R. Nauck, M. Lüdemann, J. Rosskopf, D. Spilcke-Liss, E. Felix, S. B. Dörr, M. Brabant, G. Völzke, H. Wallaschofski, H. Mortality and serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein 3 concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94 (5): 1732-9.
  16. Gandini, S. Boniol, M. Haukka, J. Byrnes, G. Cox, B. Sneyd, M. J. Mullie, P. Autier, P. Meta-analysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma. Int J Cancer. 2010 May 6;
  17. Garland, C. F. Garland, F. C. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?. Int J Epidemiol. 1980 Sep; 9 (3): 227-31.
  18. Garland, C. F. Garland, F. C. Gorham, E. D. Lipkin, M. Newmark, H. Mohr, S. B. Holick, M. F. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health. 2006 Feb; 96 (2): 252-61.
  19. Garland, C. F. Gorham, E. D. Mohr, S. B. Garland, F. C. Vitamin D for cancer prevention: global perspective. Ann Epidemiol. 2009 Jul; 19 (7): 468-83.
  20. Garland, C. F. Mohr, S. B. Gorham, E. D. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Role of ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D in prevention of ovarian cancer. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Dec; 31 (6): 512-4.
  21. Giovannucci, E. Epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal cancer: casual or causal link?. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul; 121 (1-2): 349-54.
  22. Giovannucci, E. Liu, Y. Rimm, E. B. Hollis, B. W. Fuchs, C. S. Stampfer, M. J. Willett, W. C. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Apr 5; 98 (7): 451-9.
  23. Goodwin, P. J. Ennis, M. Pritchard, K. I. Koo, J. Hood, N. Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and association with risk of distant recurrence and death in a prospective cohort study of T1-3, N0-1, M0 BC. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26 (May 20 suppl): abstr 511.
  24. Grant, W. B. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer. 2002 Mar 15; 94 (6): 1867-75.
  25. Grant, W. B. The likely role of vitamin D from solar ultraviolet-B irradiance in increasing cancer survival. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug; 26 (4A): 2605-14.
  26. Grant, W. B. An ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in Spain with respect to indices of solar UVB irradiance and smoking. Int J Cancer. 2007 Mar 1; 120 (5): 1123-8.
  27. Grant, W. B. An ecological study of cancer mortality rates including indices for dietary iron and zinc. Anticancer Res. 2008 May-Jun; 28 (3B): 1955-63.
  28. Grant, W. B. A critical review of Vitamin D and cancer: A report of the IARC Working Group on vitamin D. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009; 1 (1): 25-33.
  29. Grant, W. B. Air pollution in relation to U.S. cancer mortality rates: an ecological study; likely role of carbonaceous aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anticancer Res. 2009 Sep; 29 (9): 3537-45.
  30. Grant, W. B. Critique of the U-shaped serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level-disease response relation. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009 Nov.-Dec.; 1 (6): 281-315.
  31. Grant, W. B. A multicountry ecological study of risk-modifying factors for prostate cancer: apolipoprotein E epsilon4 as a risk factor and cereals as a risk reduction factor. Anticancer Res. 2010 Jan; 30 (1): 189-99.
  32. Grant, W. B. Relation between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and incidence of breast, colorectal, and other cancers. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2010 May 12;
  33. Grant, W. B. Cancer risk ecological study in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, provides strong support for the ultraviolet B-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2010 19 July 2010; 19 July 2010
  34. Grant, W. B. Garland, C. F. A critical review of studies on vitamin D in relation to colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2004; 48 (2): 115-23.
  35. Grant, W. B. Garland, C. F. The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis of geographic variation in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug; 26 (4A): 2687-99.
  36. Grant, W. B. An ecological study of cancer incidence and mortality rates in France with respect to latitude, an index for vitamin D production. Deramato-Endocrinology. 2010 Apr; 2 (2): 62-67.
  37. Grant, W. B. Mohr, S. B. Ecological studies of ultraviolet B, vitamin D and cancer since 2000. Ann Epidemiol. 2009 Jul; 19 (7): 446-54.
  38. Hathcock, J. N. Shao, A. Vieth, R. Heaney, R. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan; 85 (1): 6-18.
  39. Helzlsouer, K. J. Overview of the Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Jul 1; 172 (1): 4-9.
  40. Hill, A. B. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?. Proc R Soc Med. 1965 May; 58295-300.
  41. Holt, S. K. Kwon, E. M. Koopmeiners, J. S. Lin, D. W. Feng, Z. Ostrander, E. A. Peters, U. Stanford, J. L. Vitamin D pathway gene variants and prostate cancer prognosis. Prostate. 2010 Sep 15; 70 (13): 1448-60.
  42. Hughes, A. M. Armstrong, B. K. Vajdic, C. M. Turner, J. Grulich, A. E. Fritschi, L. Milliken, S. Kaldor, J. Benke, G. Kricker, A. Sun exposure may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004 Dec 10; 112 (5): 865-71.
  43. Hypponen, E. Boucher, B. J. Berry, D. J. Power, C. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Diabetes. 2008 Feb; 57 (2): 298-305.
  44. Hypponen, E. Power, C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar; 85 (3): 860-8.
  45. IARC Vitamin D and Cancer. IARC Working Group Reports. 2008; 5465 pp.
  46. Ingraham, B. A. Bragdon, B. Nohe, A. Molecular basis of the potential of vitamin D to prevent cancer. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan; 24 (1): 139-49.
  47. Iso, H. Ikeda, A. Inoue, M. Sato, S. Tsugane, S. Serum cholesterol levels in relation to the incidence of cancer: The JPHC Study Cohorts. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jun 19;
  48. Kricker, A. Armstrong, B. K. Hughes, A. M. Goumas, C. Smedby, K. E. Zheng, T. Spinelli, J. J. De Sanjose, S. Hartge, P. Melbye, M. Willett, E. V. Becker, N. Chiu, B. C. Cerhan, J. R. Maynadie, M. Staines, A. Cocco, P. Boffeta, P. Personal sun exposure and risk of non Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis from the Interlymph Consortium. Int J Cancer. 2008 Jan 1; 122 (1): 144-54.
  49. Krishnan, A. V. Trump, D. L. Johnson, C. S. Feldman, D. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention and treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun; 39 (2): 401-18, table of contents.
  50. Lamprecht, S. A. Lipkin, M. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Aug; 3 (8): 601-14.
  51. Launoy, G. Milan, C. Day, N. E. Pienkowski, M. P. Gignoux, M. Faivre, J. Diet and squamous-cell cancer of the oesophagus: a French multicentre case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1998 Mar 30; 76 (1): 7-12.
  52. Lim, U. Freedman, D. M. Hollis, B. W. Horst, R. L. Purdue, M. P. Chatterjee, N. Weinstein, S. J. Morton, L. M. Schatzkin, A. Virtamo, J. Linet, M. S. Hartge, P. Albanes, D. A prospective investigation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of lymphoid cancers. Int J Cancer. 2009 Feb 15; 124 (4): 979-86.
  53. Major, J. M. Laughlin, G. A. Kritz-Silverstein, D. Wingard, D. L. Barrett-Connor, E. Insulin-like growth factor-I and cancer mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Mar; 95 (3): 1054-9.
  54. Michaelsson, K. Baron, J. A. Snellman, G. Gedeborg, R. Byberg, L. Sundstrom, J. Berglund, L. Arnlov, J. Hellman, P. Blomhoff, R. Wolk, A. Garmo, H. Holmberg, L. Melhus, H. Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Oct; 92 (4): 841-8.
  55. Michaelsson, K. Lithell, H. Vessby, B. Melhus, H. Serum retinol levels and the risk of fracture. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23; 348 (4): 287-94.
  56. Mizoue T. Ecological study of solar radiation and cancer mortality in Japan. Health Phys. 2004 Nov; 87 (5): 532-8.
  57. Mohr, S. B. A brief history of vitamin d and cancer prevention. Ann Epidemiol. 2009 Feb; 19 (2): 79-83.
  58. Mohr, S. B. Garland, C. F. Gorham, E. D. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Is ultraviolet B irradiance inversely associated with incidence rates of endometrial cancer: an ecological study of 107 countries. Prev Med. 2007 Nov; 45 (5): 327-31.
  59. Mohr, S. B. Garland, C. F. Gorham, E. D. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Could ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D be associated with lower incidence rates of lung cancer?. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008 Jan; 62 (1): 69-74.
  60. Mohr, S. B. Garland, C. F. Gorham, E. D. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Relationship between low ultraviolet B irradiance and higher breast cancer risk in 107 countries. Breast J. 2008 May-Jun; 14 (3): 255-60.
  61. Mohr, S. B. Garland, C. F. Gorham, E. D. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Ultraviolet B irradiance and incidence rates of bladder cancer in 174 countries. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Mar; 38 (3): 296-302.
  62. Mohr, S. B. Garland, C. F. Gorham, E. D. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D status are inversely associated with incidence rates of pancreatic cancer worldwide. Pancreas. 2010 Jul; 39 (5): 669-74.
  63. Mohr, S. B. Gorham, E. D. Garland, C. F. Grant, W. B. Garland, F. C. Are low ultraviolet B and high animal protein intake associated with risk of renal cancer?. Int J Cancer. 2006 Dec 1; 119 (11): 2705-9.
  64. Neale, R. E. Youlden, D. R. Krnjacki, L. Kimlin, M. G. van der Pols, J. C. Latitude variation in pancreatic cancer mortality in Australia. Pancreas. 2009 May; 38 (4): 387-90.
  65. Newton-Bishop, J. A. Beswick, S. Randerson-Moor, J. Chang, Y. M. Affleck, P. Elliott, F. Chan, M. Leake, S. Karpavicius, B. Haynes, S. Kukalizch, K. Whitaker, L. Jackson, S. Gerry, E. Nolan, C. Bertram, C. Marsden, J. Elder, D. E. Barrett, J. H. Bishop, D. T. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are associated with breslow thickness at presentation and survival from melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10; 27 (32): 5439-44.
  66. Ng, A. C. Kumar, S. K. Rajkumar, S. V. Drake, M. T. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2009 Jul; 84 (7): 397-400.
  67. Ng, K. Wolpin, B. M. Meyerhardt, J. A. Wu, K. Chan, A. T. Hollis, B. W. Giovannucci, E. L. Stampfer, M. J. Willett, W. C. Fuchs, C. S. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009 Sep 15; 101 (6): 916-23.
  68. Peterlik, M. Grant, W. B. Cross, H. S. Calcium, vitamin D and cancer. Anticancer Res. 2009 Sep; 29 (9): 3687-98.
  69. Polesel, J. Talamini, R. Montella, M. Parpinel, M. Dal Maso, L. Crispo, A. Crovatto, M. Spina, M. La Vecchia, C. Franceschi, S. Linoleic acid, vitamin D and other nutrient intakes in the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an Italian case-control study. Ann Oncol. 2006 Apr; 17 (4): 713-8.
  70. Rhee, H. V. Coebergh, J. W. Vries, E. D. Sunlight, vitamin D and the prevention of cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2009 Aug 26;
  71. Rheem, D. S. Baylink, D. J. Olafsson, S. Jackson, C. S. Walter, M. H. Prevention of colorectal cancer with vitamin D. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2010 Aug; 45 (7-8): 775-84.
  72. Salazar-Martinez, E. Lazcano-Ponce, E. Sanchez-Zamorano, L. M. Gonzalez-Lira, G. Escudero, D. E. Los Rios P. Hernandez-Avila, M. Dietary factors and endometrial cancer risk. Results of a case-control study in Mexico. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005 Sep-Oct; 15 (5): 938-45.
  73. Salazar-Martinez, E. Lazcano-Ponce, E. C. Gonzalez Lira-Lira, G. Escudero-De los Rios, P. Hernandez-Avila, M. Nutritional determinants of epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in Mexico. Oncology. 2002; 63 (2): 151-7.
  74. Seidler, A. Hammer, G. P. Husmann, G. Konig, J. Krtschil, A. Schmidtmann, I. Blettner, M. Cancer risk among residents of Rhineland-Palatinate winegrowing communities: a cancer-registry based ecological study. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2008; 312.
  75. Toriola, A. T. Surcel, H. M. Calypse, A. Grankvist, K. Luostarinen, T. Lukanova, A. Pukkala, E. Lehtinen, M. Independent and joint effects of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium on ovarian cancer risk: A prospective nested case-control study. Eur J Cancer. 2010 Jun 18;
  76. Tretli S, Hernes E, Berg JP, Hestvik UE, Robsahm TE. Association between serum 25(OH)D and death from prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009 Feb; 100 (3): 450-4.
  77. Skinner HG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Vitamin D intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevention. 2006 Sept; 15 (9): 1688-1695.
  78. Trivedi, D. P. Doll, R. Khaw, K. T. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003 Mar 1; 326 (7387): 469.
  79. Tuohimaa, P. Pukkala, E. Scelo, G. Olsen, J. H. Brewster, D. H. Hemminki, K. Tracey, E. Weiderpass, E. Kliewer, E. V. Pompe-Kirn, V. McBride, M. L. Martos, C. Chia, K. S. Tonita, J. M. Jonasson, J. G. Boffetta, P. Brennan, P. Does solar exposure, as indicated by the non-melanoma skin cancers, protect from solid cancers: vitamin D as a possible explanation. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jul; 43 (11): 1701-12.
  80. van Bunderen, C. C. van Nieuwpoort, I. C. van Schoor, N. M. Deeg, D. J. Lips, P. Drent, M. L. The association of serum insulin-like growth factor-I with mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in the elderly: A population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95 (10): 4616-24.
  81. Weed, D. L. Gorelic, L. S. The practice of causal inference in cancer epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Apr; 5 (4): 303-11.
  82. Weedon-Fekjaer H, Lindqvist BH, Vatten LJ, Aalen OO, Tretli S. Breast cancer tumor growth estimated through mammography screening data. Breast Cancer Res. 2008; 10 (3):
  83. Wei, E. K. Ma, J. Pollak, M. N. Rifai, N. Fuchs, C. S. Hankinson, S. E. Giovannucci, E. A prospective study of C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Apr; 14 (4): 850-5.
  84. Yin, L. Grandi, N. Raum, E. Haug, U. Arndt, V. Brenner, H. Meta-analysis: longitudinal studies of serum vitamin D and colorectal cancer risk. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul 1; 30 (2): 113-25.
  85. Yin, L. Grandi, N. Raum, E. Haug, U. Arndt, V. Brenner, H. Meta-analysis: serum vitamin D and breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer. 2010 Aug; 46 (12): 2196-205.
  86. Zheng, S. Vuitton, L. Sheyhidin, I. Vuitton, D. A. Zhang, Y. Lu, X. Northwestern China: a place to learn more on oesophageal cancer. Part one: behavioural and environmental risk factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Aug; 22 (8): 917-25.
  87. Zhou, W. Heist, R. S. Liu, G. Asomaning, K. Neuberg, D. S. Hollis, B. W. Wain, J. C. Lynch, T. J. Giovannucci, E. Su, L. Christiani, D. C. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels predict survival in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb 10; 25 (5): 479-85.